Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

Classification of Ores
There are combined state ores are generally found in the form of oxides, sulphides, carbonates, sulphates, chlorides and silicates.

Sources from earth, living systems and in sea sources from earth
Estimated 80 elements are obtained from mineral deposits on or beneath the surface of the earth.

Purification of Ores
The purification of ore means removal of gangue from the powdered ore. This process is otherwise called concentration of the ore or ore dressing. The purification or concentration of ore can be brought about in the following ways, depending upon the type of ore.
– Gravity separation process or hydraulic washing
– Froth flotation process
– Electromagnetic separation process
– Chemical method

Electrical and Electronics

What is Electrical What is Electrical & Electronic Engineering

List of Voltages, Frequencies (Hz) and Plug Types.
List of Voltages, Frequencies (Hz) and Plug Types. Most countries use 50Hz or 60 Hertz as their AC frequency

Electrical Charge & Current
What is Electrical Charge & Current

Voltage
Description or Definition of Voltage

Power
Definition of Power

Energy
Definition of Energy

Ohm’s Law
What is Ohm’s Law

Circuit Elements
Circuit Elements – An element is the basic building block of a circuit. An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the elements. Circuit analysis is the process of determining voltages across (or the currents through) the elements of the circuit.

Passive Elements (Loads)
Passive elements are those elements which are capable of receiving the energy. Some passive elements like inductors and capacitors are capable of storing a finite amount of energy, and return it later to an external element.

Active Elements (Energy Sources)
The energy sources which are having the capacity of generating the energy are called active elements.

American Wire Gauges (AWG) Chart
American Wire Gauges (AWG) Chart

Physics

Basis of Physics Subject Basis of Physics Subject

What is Physics
Physics is the most basic science, which deals with the study of nature and natural phenomena.

Understanding Scope of Physics
The extent or scope of physics can be understood if one looks at its various sub-disciplines such as mechanics, optics, heat and thermodynamics, electrodynamics, atomic physics, nuclear physics, etc.

Forces of Nature
Force is the external agency applied on a body to change its state of rest and motion

Basis of Measurement
To understand the properties of materials, measurement of physical quantities such as length, mass, time etc., are involved.

Expressing larger and smaller physical quantities
In the metric (SI) system these are related to the fundamental unit in multiples of 10 or 1/10. Thus 1 km is 1000 m and 1 mm is 1/1000 metre.

Determination of Mass
The mass can be determined to an accuracy of 1 mg. Nowadays, digital balances are used to find the mass very accurately.

Determination of Distance
For measuring large distances such as the distance of moon or a planet from the Earth, special methods are adopted.

Measurement of Time
Some techniques to measure time interval are

Accuracy and Precision of Measuring Instruments
The accuracy to which a measurement is made depends on several factors. For example, if length is measured using a metre scale which has graduations at 1 mm interval then all readings are good only upto this value.

—————————————————————-
Kinematics Kinematics

What is Kinematics
It deals with the study of particles or bodies when they are at rest or in motion.

Motion in one dimension (rectilinear motion)
The motion along a straight line is known as rectilinear motion

Scalar and Vector quantities
A study of motion will involve the introduction of a variety of quantities, which are used to describe the physical world. Examples of such quantities are distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, mass, momentum, energy, work, power etc. All these quantities can be divided into two categories – scalars and vectors.

Projectile motion
body thrown with some initial velocity and then allowed to move under the action of gravity alone, is known as a projectile.

Concurrent forces and Coplanar forces
The basic knowledge of various kinds of forces and motion is highly desirable for engineering and practical applications. The Newton’s laws of motion defines and gives the expression for the force. Force is a vector quantity and can be combined according to the rules of vector algebra.

Uniform circular motion
When a particle moves on a circular path with a constant speed, then its motion is known as uniform circular motion in a plane.

Newton’s laws of motion
There are three laws of motion. A deep analysis of these laws lead us to the conclusion that these laws completely define the force. The first law gives the fundamental definition of force; the second law gives the quantitative and dimensional definition of force while the third law explains the nature of the force.

Work
In physics, work is said to be done by a force or against the direction of the force, when the point of application of the force moves towards or against the direction of the force.

Energy
Energy can be defined as the capacity to do work. Energy can manifest itself in many forms like mechanical energy, thermal energy, electric energy, chemical energy, light energy, nuclear energy, etc.

Collisions
A collision between two particles is said to occur if they physically strike against each other or if the path of the motion of one is influenced by the other. In physics, the term collision does not necessarily mean that a particle actually strikes.

——————————————————————————
Dynamics of Rotational Motion Dynamics of Rotational Motion
A point in the system at which whole mass of the body is supposed to be concentrated is called centre of mass of the body.

Centre of Mass
The inability of a material body to change its state of rest or of uniform motion by itself is called inertia

Rotational motion of rigid bodies
A rigid body is defined as that body which does not undergo any change in shape or volume when external forces are applied on it. When
forces are applied on a rigid body, the distance between any two particles of the body will remain unchanged, however, large the forces may be.

Moment of inertia and its physical significance
The inability of a material body to change its state of rest or of uniform motion by itself is called inertia

Couple and moment of the couple (Torque)
The two forces always have a turning effect, or moment, called a torque. The perpendicular distance between the lines of action of two forces, which constitute the couple, is called the arm of the couple.

Moment of a force
This tendency of rotation is called turning effect of a force or moment of the force about the given axis.

Angular momentum of a particle
The angular momentum of a particle is defined as the moment of linear momentum of the particle.

Relation between torque and angular acceleration
The rate of change of angular momentum of a body is equal to the external torque acting upon the body

Conservation of angular momentum
When no external torque acts on the body, the net angular momentum of a rotating rigid body remains constant. This is known as law of conservation of angular momentum.

————————————————————
Gravitation and Space Science Gravitation and Space Science
he fundamental forces of nature are gravitational, electromagnetic and nuclear forces.

Introduction to Gravitation and Space Science
The acceleration produced in a body on account of the force of gravity is called acceleration due to gravity.

Acceleration due to gravity
The acceleration due to gravity depends on the mass of the body, the distance from the center of mass, and a constant G, which is called the “universal gravitational constant”.

Acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the Earth
Its distance from the centre of the Earth is R (radius of the Earth).

Variation of acceleration due to gravity
Earth rotates about an axis passing through its north and south poles. The Earth rotates from west to east in 24 hours.

Gravitational field
The gravitational field is defined as the space around a mass in which it can exert gravitational force on other mass.

Gravitational potential energy
The gravitational potential energy of a mass m at a distance r from another mass M is defined as the amount of work done in moving the mass m from a distance r to infinity.

Inertial mass
Intertial mass of a body is a measure of the ability of a body to oppose the production of acceleration in it by an external force.

Gravitational mass
Gravitational mass is the mass of a body which determines the magnitude of gravitational pull between the body and the Earth.

Escape speed
The escape speed is the minimum speed with which a body must be projected in order that it may escape from the gravitational pull of the planet.

Satellites
A body moving in an orbit around a planet is called satellite.

The Universe
The science which deals with the study of heavenly bodies in respect of their motions, positions and compositions is known as astronomy.

General Engineering

Weld Joint and Weld Types
There are five basic types of weld joints: Butt joint, T-joint, Lap joint, Corner joint and Edge joint.

Types of Welds
Various types of welds that can be made in each of the basic joints

Weldment Configuration
A weld joint might be modified to gain access to the weld joint or to change a weld’s metallurgical properties

Welding Terms and Symbols
Terms and Symbols that can be used to communicate from the weld designer to the welder is essential to proper completion of most weldments.

Weld Type and Joint Weld Configuration
For a welder, it is important to be able to weld in different positions…………

Shaft Tolerances and fits – ISO fundamental deviations for external dimensions
Table for Metric External Dimensions (Shaft) Tolerances per ISO 286

ISO Fundamental Tolerances Grades
Table for Values of ISO Fundamental Tolerances Grades

Selection of ISO Tolerances for Shafts and Limit Deviations
Table shows a selection of ISO tolerances for shafts and their corresponding limit deviations

ISO Tolerances for Holes and Their Limit Deviations
Table below shows a selection of ISO tolerances for holes and their limit deviations

Fastenings – Bolts and Screws

Feather keys, keyways & deep design
The table shows feather keys and keyways designs

Calculation of cylindrical press fits
The tables show the calculation of a cylindrical press fit for elastic load….

Form fit and frictional locking connections
Screw connections are based on a combination of a screw or grub screw with an external thread and a component with an internal thread where form fit between the two is achieved in the thread.

Base forms of the most common threads
Certain thread types defined in the International standards have proven themselves in accordance with the various conditions of use.

 

Overview of standardized nuts
The following table gives an overview of standardized nuts

Coarse pitch thread
Table of coarse pitch threads with nominal thread diameter from 1 to 52mm

Grades for screws
Mechanical characteristics of screws, subdivided into grades

Grades for nuts
Lists nuts with coarse pitch thread

Connection using hexagon head screws
The following table shows design dimensions for connections using hexagon head screws in a selection taken from various standards

Preload force ad tightening torque
The preload force and tightening torque for hexagon head screws with shank in accordance with ISO for various values

Connection using hexagon head screws
Table shows design dimensions for connections using hexagon head screws in a selection taken from various international standard

Mechanical properties of fasteners – coarse thread
Mechanical properties of fasteners: nuts with specified proof load values – coarse thread

Bolt Proof load values & nominal stress area calculation
How to calculate Bolt Proof load values & Nominal Stress area calculation

Mechanical properties of fasteners – fine pitch thread
Mechanical properties of fasteners: nuts with specified proof load values – fine pitch thread

Mechanical properties of fasteners: torques for bolts and screws
Mechanical properties of fasteners: torsional test and minimum torques for bolts and screws with nominal diameters 1–10mm

Metric hexagon socket head screws
Metric hexagon socket head screws

Selection of coarse pitch and fine pitch threads
A selection of coarse pitch and fine pitch threads in accordance with international standards

Tightening Torques for Metric Fasteners
Tightening Torques for Metric Fasteners. Material Grade 8.8

Tightening Torques for Imperial Fasteners
Material Grade 8.8 Tightening Torques for Imperial Fasteners

Metric Thread Dimensions for ISO Standard Screws & Bolts
Metric Thread Dimensions for ISO Standard Screws & Bolts

Inch Metric Drill Sizes Chart
Inch Metric Drill Sizes Chart

Pumps

Pump Affinity Laws
The effects on centrifugal pumps with limited change of speed (RPM) or impeller diameter

Pump Formulars
Pump calculation formulas for Head, Pressure, Velocity & BHP

NPSH
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

Terms in Pump
Common Pump Terms

Pump Cavitation
Pump Cavitation

Parameters determining the selection of pumps
Parameters determining the selection of pumps

Basic Rules for Suction Pump Piping or Pipework
Basic rules for pump suction piping or pipework to avoid unnecessary failures in pumps are the followings

Pumps Design Rules of the Thumb
Pumps Design Rules of the Thumb

Equipments Design Rules of Thumb

Utilities Design Rules
Design rules for (utilities) – Cooling water, cooling air, compressed air fuel, heat transfer and electricity

Insulations
Insulation design rules of the thumb for magnesia, asbetos, ceramic refractories, cryogenic, optimum and windy condition

Refrigerations
Refrigeration Design Rules of the thumbs

Piping
Piping Design Rules of the Thumbs

Pumps
Pumps Design Rules of the Thumb

Heat Exchangers
Heat Exchangers Design Rules of the thumb

Vaccum Pumps
Vaccum Pumps Design Rules of the Thumb

Compressors
Compressors Design Rules of the Thumb

Distillation and Gas Absorption
Distillation and Gas Absorption Design Rules of Thumb

Pressure Vessels
Pressure Vessel Design Rules of Thumb

Storage Tanks
Storage Tanks Design Rules of Thumb

Vessel Drums
Vessel Drums Design Rules of Thumb

Pipes and Pipelines

Pipe dimensions as per EN standards Pipe dimensions as per EN10220

DN15 – Nominal pipe size
DN15 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN20 – Nominal pipe size
DN20 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN25 – Nominal pipe size
DN25 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN32 – Nominal pipe size
DN32 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN40 – Nominal pipe size
DN40 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN50 – Nominal pipe size
DN50 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN65 – Nominal pipe size
DN65 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN80 – Nominal pipe size
DN80 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN100 – Nominal pipe size
DN80 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN125 – Nominal pipe size
DN125 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN150 – Nominal pipe size
DN150 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN200 – Nominal pipe size
DN200 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN250 – Nominal pipe size
DN250 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN300 – Nominal pipe size
DN300 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN350 – Nominal pipe size
DN350 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN400 – Nominal pipe size
DN40 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN450 – Nominal pipe size
DN450 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN500
DN500 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN600
DN600 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN700
DN700 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN800
DN800 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN900
DN900 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

DN1000
DN1000 Nominal pipe size- inside diameter, wall thickness and mass per unit length

Pipe Dimensions as per ANSI B36.10 Pipe dimension ANSI B36.10 

Stainless steel pipes Schedule 5S – 80s dimensions chart, schedules:

 Schedule 5SSchedule 10SSchedule 40SSchedule 80S,

Pipes SCH 5 – 160 chart, dimension :

Schedule 5
Pipes SCH 5 chart, dimensions, weight and pipe wall thickness

 Schedule 10
Pipes SCH 10 chart, dimensions, weight and pipe wall thickness

Schedule 20
Pipes SCH 20 chart, dimensions, weight and pipe wall thickness

Schedule 30
Pipes SCH 30 chart, dimensions, weight and pipe wall thickness

Schedule 40
Pipes SCH 40 chart, dimensions, weight and pipe wall thickness

Schedule 60
Pipes SCH 60 chart, dimensions, weight and pipe wall thickness

Schedule 80
Pipes SCH 80 chart, dimensions, weight and pipe wall thickness

Schedule 100
Pipes SCH 100 chart, dimensions, weight and pipe wall thickness

Schedule 120
Pipes SCH 120 chart, dimensions, weight and pipe wall thickness

 Schedule 140
Pipes SCH 140 chart, dimensions, weight and pipe wall thickness

Schedule 160
Pipes SCH 160 chart, dimensions, weight and pipe wall thickness

Pipe Roughness
Pipe Roughness can be defined as the ratio of inside surface roughness to the diameter.

Loss coefficient K factors for commonly used valves
Loss coefficient K factors for commonly used valves

Flexible Hose Sizes
Typical Flexible Hose Sizes

Types of ANSI Flanges and Class
ANSI B16.5 and Class: 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, 2500
Class 150, Class 300, Class 400, Class 600, Class 900, Class 1500, Class 2500

Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Fundamental Concepts
Definition of a Fluid
Fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously whilst acted upon by any force tangential to the area on which it acts.

Fluid Properties
The  properties of fluids permit us to distinguish  one fluid from another,  and  they  allow us to make estimates of physical behavior  of any special fluid.

Fluid  statics  is that branch  of mechanics  of fluids that deals primarily  with  fluids at rest.
Distribution of Pressure in the Fluid
The  cross sectional  area  δA is very  small and  the variation  of pressure  over it therefore negligible

Hydrostatic Pressure
The direct proportionality between hydrostatic pressure  and h for a fluid of constant density  enables  the pressure  to be  simply  visualized  in terms  of the vertical  distance h = p/ρg.

ISO VG for Engine Oils
ISO VG for Engine Oils and their Kinematic Viscosity at 40 degC

Statics Engineering

Engineering mechanics can be divided into statics and dynamics. Basically, statics is the study of forces and their effects in equilibrium, whereas dynamics is the study of objects in motion.

Weight
The weight of a body is the force of gravity acting on that body.

Mass per unit volume
Mass per unit volume of any body is also called the density of that body

Mass
Mass is the quantity of matter in a body

Moments of forces, centre of gravity and centroids of areas
Is the product of the applied force and the moment arm (leverage distance)

Vector diagrams of forces: graphical solution

Orders of levers
First-order levers, Second-order levers and Third-order levers

Centre of gravity, centroid of areas and equilibrium
Centre of gravity, Centroids of areas and Equilibrium

Stress and Strain
Direct stress, shear stress, direct strain, shear strain, modulus of elasticity and etc

Beam Analysis – Shear Force & Bending Moment
Shear force, bending moment, shearing force and bending moment diagrams,

Engineering Mathematics

Engineering Mathematics is an area practical applied mathematics concerning mathematical methods and techniques that are mostly used engineering.

The Greek alphabet
The Mathematics Greek Alphabet’s – Name, Symbol and Examples of use

Mathematical symbols
Mathematical symbols – described common Mathematical Symbol and Name Symbol

Units: SI
The International System of Units (SI) is based on nine physical quantities. Derived Units – By dimensionally appropriate multiplication and/or division of the units shown above, derived units are obtained. Not SI unit – Some of the units which are not part of the SI system, but which are recognized for continued use with the SI system, are as shown

Conversion factors for units
The conversion factors shown below are accurate to five significant figures where FPS is the foot-pound-second system.

Preferred Numbers
Can be defined as the relationship between the sizes of a commodity is not random but based on a system of preferred numbers.

Mensuration
See different examples of plan figures

Progressions
A set of numbers in which one number is connected to the next number by some law is called a series or a progression

Trigonometric formulae
Compound and double angle formulae

Circles: some definitions and properties
Definitions of Circles and Properties

Quadratic equations
The solutions (roots) of a quadratic equation

Natural logarithms
The natural logarithm of a positive real number ……………

Introduction to Statistics
Arithmetic Mean, Binomial distribution, Normal Distribution, Poisson Distribution, Probability and General Concepts of Statistics

Differential calculus (Derivatives)
Differential calculus rules, Product rule, Quotient rule, Function of a function and successive differentiation

Integral calculus (Standard forms)
General Integral calculus rules

Binomial theorem
Is the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial

Maclaurin’s theorem

Taylor’s theorem, 
Is function as an infinite sum of terms that are calculated from the values of the function’s derivatives at a particular point.

Algebra Formula
Different kind of algebra equations